World Trends Report on Freedom of Expression and Media…

Ce rapport mondial de l'UNESCO analyse l'état de la liberté d'expression et du développement des médias dans le monde entre 2022 et 2025. Il révèle une baisse de 10% de l'indice de liberté d'expression depuis 2012, due à la montée des conflits, de la désinformation et des pressions sur les journalistes. Malgré ces défis, le rapport souligne des avancées comme le développement du journalisme d'investigation collaboratif et la reconnaissance des médias communautaires. Il appelle à renforcer la…

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Published in 2025 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France

ISBN 978-92-3-XXXXXX-X

This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://en.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en).

The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.

This publication should be cited as follows: UNESCO. 2025. Journalism: Shaping a World at Peace. World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global Report 2022/2025. Paris: UNESCO.

For the use of any material not clearly identified as belonging to UNESCO, prior permission shall be requested from: publication.copyright@unesco.org.

More information and the complete World Trends Report series can be found at https://www.unesco.org/en/world-media-trends

Authors: Alexei Abrahams, Catalina Marino Botero, Rokhaya Diallo, Kunda Dixit, Kate Cell, Aldo Magoga, and Dan Sultănescu.

Contributors: Guy Berger, Global Forum for Media Development (GFMD), Marjorie Buchser, Renée DiResta, Andreea Stancea, Irene Jay Liu and Jessica White from the International Fund for Public Interest Media (IFPIM), and Laura Moore and Folke Kayser from Deutsche Welle (DW) Akademie.

Lead editor Volume 2: Randy Covington

Supervision: Sylvie Coudray and Andrea Cairola

Editorial direction and lead researcher: Ana Cristina Ruelas

Associate research and edition: Ophélie Kukansami Léger and Daria Kovaleva

Data analysis support: Lucas Novaes Ferreira

UNESCO contributors: Alan Gabrielli Azevedo, Oscar Castellanos, Antonia Eser-Ruperti, Adeline Hulin, Irmgarda Kasinskaite-Buddeberg, Saorla McCabe, John Bosco Mayiga, Dana Muresan,

Albertina Piterbarg, Matthew Schulz and Adina Trunk, UNESCO’s Science, Social and Human Sciences Sectors, and Gender Unit.

Cover, Graphic design, Illustrations and Typeset: Till Noon

Printed by UNESCO

With the support of the UNESCO Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP).

Short Summary

Journalism: Shaping a World at Peace

Free, independent, pluralistic, and professional journalism is key for defending human dignity, advancing justice, and sustaining peace. Yet today, freedom of expression is under assault as seldom before.

The 2022/2025 World Trends Report, Journalism: Shaping a World at Peace, underscores the profound role of free, independent, pluralistic, and professional journalism as a cornerstone of democratic life and as an indispensable condition for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

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Documents cités dans ce texte

CITE 2012 UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity Cumulative actions aligned with the 2012 UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity have seen state officials improve their reporting to UNESCO on the resolution of cases of killed media workers.
CITE Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action Back in 1995, the UN adopted the *Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action*, a comprehensive plan to achieve equal rights for women and girls.
CITE United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/76/227 The information integrity framework, developed as a proactive response to disinformation and related information disruptions, has been recognized in United Nations resolutions that emphasize the need to counter such challenges while safeguarding freedom of expression. (Doc. A/RES/76/227.)
CITE UN Human Rights Council Resolution A/HRC/RES/55/10 The information integrity framework, developed as a proactive response to disinformation and related information disruptions, has been recognized in United Nations resolutions that emphasize the need to counter such challenges while safeguarding freedom of expression. (Doc. A/HRC/RES/55/10.)
CITE United Nations Security Council Resolution 2686 (2023) The phenomenon has been significant enough to attract condemnation by the UN Security Council. (Doc. S/RES/2686).
CITE 2005 Convention on the Promotion and Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions The technology of generative AI also raises further critical concerns for information integrity, as well as for cultural and linguistic diversity.
CITE 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development In 2015, all United Nations Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, setting out 17 interdependent Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and more than 169 targets.
CITE UNESCO. 2022. Journalism is a public good: World trends in freedom of expression and media development; Global report 2021/2022 UNESCO highlighted in the last World Trends Report (2021/2022) that hostility toward women on digital platforms constituted a major deterrent to their free expression.
CITE Posetti et al. 2021. The Chilling: global trends in online violence against women journalists; research discussion paper. UNESCO According to a survey underpinning The Chilling, a 2022 UNESCO report on violence against women journalists, 20% of those surveyed said they had been attacked or abused in the real world in connection with threats they had experienced online; 13% felt unsafe.
CITE United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). 2023. Innovation and technological change, and education in the digital age for achieving gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girl Technology-facilitated, gender-based violence (TFGBV) is a global problem, disproportionately affecting women's rights to freedom of expression and access to information.
CITE United Nations Population Fund. 2024. An Infographic Guide to Transformative Gender-Based Violence (TFGBV) This alarming trend is reflected in the high rates of online violence worldwide against women and girls – some as young as nine.
CITE Sobieraj, S. 2020. Credible threat: attacks against women online and the future of democracy. Oxford University Press Scholar Sarah Sobieraj describes this phenomenon as ‘digital misogyny,’ capturing the ways in which hostility toward women is amplified and sustained through digital platforms.
CITE United Nations General Assembly. 2023. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Irene Khan. Promotion and protection of the r Online harassment of women journalists has increased sharply in recent years. Such attacks are designed both to diminish their visibility and to heighten the risk of intimidation and exclusion.
CITE Security Hero. 2023. 2023 State of Deepfakes: Realities, Threats, and Impact A 2023 report by Security Hero found that 98% of all deepfake videos online were non-consensual pornographic content featuring women in 99% of the cases.
CITE Di Meco, L. 2021. Online threats to women’s political participation and the need for a multi-stakeholder, cohesive approach to address them. UN Women (Doc. EGM/CSW/2021/EP8.) Gendered disinformation entails ‘the spread of deceptive or inaccurate information and images against women and follows story lines that often draw on misogyny, as well as gender stereotypes’.
CITE UNESCO. 2024. How to combat gendered disinformation online Gendered disinformation campaigns exploit existing social divides – racism, homophobia, transphobia - to discredit women, particularly those from marginalized communities, and especially when they are activists and journalists.
CITE The Economist Intelligence Unit. 2021. 92% of women reported that online violence harms their sense of wellbeing. Measuring the prevalence of online violence against women. The Economist Gendered disinformation campaigns – orchestrated by individuals or groups sometimes with the complicity of political leaders – have serious consequences for the economic, physical, and mental health of those targeted.
CITE Ayyub, R. 2022. You cannot shame us into silence A prominent Indian journalist and columnist was a target of extreme sexist and Islamophobic harassment. In 2022, she was auctioned off via a fake app.
CITE Vialle, E. UNESCO. 2025. Reclaiming the Digital Space: Advancing Gender Equality in the Age of New Technologies The Beijing+30 Expert Report on Strategic Objective J, Reclaiming the Digital Space: Advancing Gender Equality in the Age of New Technologies, highlights that polarization has fueled a global backlash against gender equality, amplifying TFGBV and portraying gender rights as radical or dangerous.
CITE UN Human Rights Council. 2019. Situation of women human rights defenders. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Situation of Human Rights Defenders (Doc. A/HRC/40/60.) In Eastern Europe, LGBTQI women are often targeted and activists are suspected of spying or threatening the safety of children.